Exploring Euphorbia Myrsinites: A Succulent with Character and Care
Introduction
Euphorbia myrsinites, commonly known as myrtle spurge or donkey tail, is a captivating succulent that straddles the line between ornamental beauty and invasive spread. With its spiraled, blue-green leaves and striking yellow bracts, it adds a sculptural touch to rock gardens and xeriscapes. However, this low-maintenance plant has a wild side—spreading aggressively and producing a toxic, milky sap.
What Is Euphorbia Myrsinites?
Botanical Identity
Euphorbia myrsinites belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, a diverse group comprising over 2,000 species. Native to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, this perennial succulent thrives in rocky, calcareous habitats. It is particularly well-adapted to arid conditions, making it a resilient choice for dry landscapes.
Physical Features
- Growth Habit: A low-growing, sprawling succulent with prostrate stems reaching 20–40 cm in length.
- Leaves:
The leaves of Euphorbia myrsinites exhibit a range of shapes, generally falling within ovate to obovate forms. They can also appear oval to wedge-shaped or simply oval, and in some instances, nearly triangular. The term spatulate is also used to describe their shape. More detailed botanical descriptions include obovate-oblong, lanceolate, orbiculate, or suborbiculate shapes.In short they are thick, waxy, and blue-green, arranged in a tight spiral along the stem, measuring 1–2 cm long. - Flowers:
The true flowers of Euphorbia myrsinites are rather inconspicuous, lacking petals and sepals. They are often described as non-showy. Instead of traditional flowers, the plant produces unique structures called cyathia, which are characteristic of the Euphorbia genus. These cyathia are typically grouped in clusters and are cupped inside a yellow bract. The color of the cyathia is usually yellowish-green or simply greenish. What appear to be the prominent flowers are actually clusters, up to 4 inches (10 cm) wide, of star-shaped yellow-green structures surrounded by a collar of chartreuse to bright yellow bracts, sometimes with a pinkish tinge. These bracts can also be described as brassy yellow. The bloom time for these floral displays is typically from mid-spring to early summer, or more specifically, March to April in some regions, with some references noting a winter/spring bloom period, possibly in warmer climates. - Seeds: Following fertilization, each cyathium develops into a bluish-green seed pod, also known as a capsule, which contains three seeds. These capsules are relatively small, measuring about 5–7 × 5–6 mm. The seeds themselves are dusty brown or brownish to grayish in color, with a texture that resembles a peach pit or is described as pitted. They are oblong in shape and range from 2.8–4.5 × 2–3.2 mm in size. A notable characteristic of this plant is its ability to spread effectively through seed dispersal, with the plant capable of projecting seeds up to 15 feet away from the parent plant. This efficient seed dispersal mechanism plays a significant role in its potential to become invasive.
- Latex Production: The plant exudes a milky, caustic sap when cut or broken, characteristic of the Euphorbia genus.
Common Names and Origins
The name Myrtle Spurge itself hints at one of its defining features: the resemblance of its leaves to those of the myrtle plant (Myrtus communis), a connection noted even in ancient times, as the specific epithet myrsinites derives from the Greek word myrsinites used by Dioscorides. Beyond these primary names, the plant is also known by a variety of other common names, including Broad-leaved Glaucous Spurge, Creeping Spurge, Blue Spurge, and Myrtle Euphorbia, reflecting its diverse appearance and growth habits.
The species name myrsinites is derived from Greek, referencing its resemblance to myrtle (Myrtus communis). Commonly known as myrtle spurge or creeping spurge, this plant is widely cultivated for its drought resistance and unique appearance.
Taxonomy and Family Ties
Classification
Euphorbia myrsinites is part of the Euphorbia genus, one of the largest flowering plant genera. It belongs to the subtribe Euphorbiinae, distinguished by its specialized inflorescence called a cyathium.
| Taxonomic Rank | Classification |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Anthophyta / Magnoliophyta / Tracheophyta / Tracheophytes |
| Class | Dicotyledoneae / Magnoliopsida |
| Subclass | Rosidae |
| Order | Euphorbiales / Malpighiales |
| Family | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus | Euphorbia |
| Species | Euphorbia myrsinites |
| Subspecies | E. m. myrsinites, E. m. rechingeri |
Family Traits
A defining characteristic shared by all members of the Euphorbia genus is the presence of a poisonous, milky latex sap. This caustic sap is secreted when the plant is injured, serving as a defense mechanism against herbivores. The compounds within the latex are often toxic and can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
- Unisexual Flowers: Unlike most flowering plants, Euphorbia species have highly modified floral structures.
- Milky Sap: The latex contains toxic compounds, deterring herbivores and preventing excessive moisture loss.
Subspecies and Variants
- E. myrsinites subsp. rechingeri – A variant found in Crete with minor morphological differences.
This taxonomic diversity highlights the adaptability of the species across various climates and terrains.
Where It Thrives: Habitat and Ecology
Natural Range
Euphorbia myrsinites is native to:
- Southeastern Europe (Italy, Greece, the Balkans)
- Turkey and Crimea
- Rocky, well-drained terrains at elevations up to 3,600 meters
Ideal Garden Conditions
- Sunlight: Prefers full sun for optimal growth.
- Soil: Thrives in dry, sandy, or rocky soil with excellent drainage.
- Hardiness: Suitable for USDA zones 4–9, tolerating temperatures as low as -20°F (-29°C).
Ecological Impact
- Allelopathic Effects: The plant releases chemicals that inhibit the growth of nearby vegetation.
- Invasiveness: Self-seeds aggressively, sometimes displacing native flora, leading to regulatory bans in states like Colorado and Oregon.
How to Control Invasiveness
Although Euphorbia myrsinites is admired for its unique appearance, its tendency to spread aggressively requires proper management. Here’s how to keep it in check:
- Deadheading: Regularly remove spent flower heads before they set seed to prevent unwanted spread.
- Barrier Planting: Use edging materials or container gardening to restrict root expansion.
- Hand Removal: If the plant spreads beyond its intended area, carefully dig it out, ensuring that no root fragments remain.
- Chemical Control: In extreme cases, selective herbicides may be used, but always follow environmental safety guidelines.
- Regulatory Compliance: Check local guidelines, as the plant is classified as invasive in some regions, and its planting may be restricted.
Growing Euphorbia Myrsinites at Home
Planting Tips
- Location: Choose a sunny spot with sandy or gritty soil.
- Spacing: Allow at least 12 inches of space between plants to prevent overcrowding.
- Mulching: Use gravel or stone mulch to enhance drainage.
Care Basics
- Watering: Water sparingly; drought-tolerant once established.
- Pruning: Remove spent flowers to prevent unwanted self-seeding.
Propagation
- Stem Cuttings: Stem cuttings are best taken in the spring or early summer and should be allowed to dry for a few days before planting in well-draining soil. Division of clumps in early spring or basal cuttings in spring or early summer are also viable propagation techniques.
- Seed Propagation: Sow directly in well-drained soil; seeds disperse explosively up to 15 feet.
Using Euphorbia Myrsinites in Landscaping
This succulent is a versatile addition to any garden, bringing unique texture and resilience. Here’s how to incorporate it effectively:
- Rock Gardens: Ideal for alpine and dry gardens, adding a sculptural element to rocky landscapes.
- Xeriscaping: A top choice for drought-tolerant gardening, reducing the need for irrigation.
- Border Planting: Used along pathways and garden edges for a structured, ground-hugging effect.
- Container Gardening: Perfect for patios and balconies, where its spread can be controlled.
- Erosion Control: Helps stabilize slopes and prevent soil loss in dry, loose terrains.
Beauty with a Bite: Toxicity and Handling
The Sap Factor
- Milky Latex: Highly irritating to skin and eyes.
- Ingestion Risks: Can cause severe gastrointestinal distress if consumed.
Safety Measures
- Gloves: Always wear gloves when handling the plant.
- Eye Protection: Avoid contact with the sap, especially when pruning.
- Pet and Child Safety: Keep out of reach of animals and young children.
Real-Life Cautionary Tales
A gardener once reported severe dermatitis after pruning Euphorbia myrsinites with bare hands—reinforcing the need for protective gear.
A Plant of Two Worlds: Ornamental vs. Invasive
While valued for its ornamental qualities, Euphorbia myrsinites possesses a significant potential for invasiveness, particularly in regions outside its native habitat. This is largely attributed to its ability to self-seed readily, allowing it to spread and establish in new areas. In fact, it is officially identified as a noxious weed and/or invasive species in several regions. Its cultivation is illegal in the state of Colorado, where it is classified as a Class A noxious weed, mandating its eradication by landowners. It is also listed as a noxious weed in Oregon, Washington, and Utah, as well as California, where it is considered a Watch List species by the California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC). In British Columbia, it is recognized as both invasive and toxic. This designation as a noxious weed reflects the ecological concerns associated with its spread.
Ornamental Value
- RHS Award of Garden Merit: Recognized for its resilience and unique foliage.
- Perfect for Rock Gardens: Provides textural contrast in dry landscapes.
Invasive Concerns
- Classified as a noxious weed in some regions due to its unchecked spread.
- Control Measures: Deadheading flowers prevents aggressive reseeding.
Conclusion
Euphorbia myrsinites is a plant of striking contrasts—both a garden gem and a potential invader. Its low-maintenance nature and stunning aesthetics make it a desirable choice, but its self-seeding tendencies and toxic sap demand careful handling.
Would you consider growing this resilient succulent in your garden? Share your thoughts and experiences in the comments below!
